Lemuria the Ancient Roman Day of the Dead

The upcoming holiday of Halloween may  derive, in part, from the Celtic holiday of Samhain. However, the Celts weren’t the only ones to appease their dead. The Romans did so at numerous festivals, including the Lemuria, a rite that Ovid traced back to the very founding of Rome. Lemuria and Ancestor Worship The Lemuria took place on three different days in May. On the ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth of that month, Roman householders gave offerings to their deceased ancestors to make sure their ancestors didn’t haunt them. The great poet Ovid chronicled Roman festivals in his Fasti. In his section on the month of May, he discussed the Lemuria. Ovid alleged that the festival got its name from â€Å"Remuria,† a festival named for Remus, Romulus’s twin brother whom he killed after founding Rome. Remus appeared as a ghost after his death and asked his brother’s friends to make future generations honor him. Said Ovid, â€Å"Romulus complied, and gave the name Remuria to the day on which due worship is paid to buried ancestors.† Eventually, â€Å"Remuria† became â€Å"Lemuria.† Scholars doubt that etymology, however, instead of supporting the likely theory that Lemura was named for the â€Å"lemures,† one of the several types of Roman spirits. The Ceremony for Celebrating the Dead The Romans believed that there could be no knots present during the ceremony. Some scholars theorize that knots were forbidden to allow natural forces to flow properly. The Romans are known to take off their sandals, and walk in their bare feet while making a sign to ward off evil. This gesture is called mano fica  (literally fig hand).   They would then clean themselves with fresh water and throw black beans (or spit black beans from their mouth). Looking away, they would say, â€Å"These I cast; with these beans, I redeem me and mine. By throwing away beans and what they  symbolize or contain, ancient Romans believed they were removing potentially dangerous spirits from their home. According to Ovid, the spirits would follow the beans and leave the living be. Next, they would wash and bang together pieces of bronze from Temesa in Calabria, Italy. They would ask the shades to leave their home nine times, saying, Ghost of my fathers, go forth! And youre done. Its not black magic as we think of it today, which Charles W. King explains in his essay â€Å"The Roman Manes: the Dead as Gods. If the Romans even had such a concept, it would have applied to â€Å"invoking supernatural powers to harm others,† which doesnt happen here. As King observes, the Roman spirits in the Lemuria arent the same as our modern ghosts. These are ancestral spirits to be propitiated. They might harm you if you don’t observe certain rites, but they’re not necessarily inherently evil. Types of Spirits The spirits Ovid mentions aren’t all one and the same. One particular category of spirits is  the manes, which King defines as the â€Å"deified dead†;  in his Roman Gods: a Conceptual Approach,  Michael Lipka terms them â€Å"the venerable souls of the past.† In fact, Ovid calls the ghosts by this name (among others) in his Fasti. These manes, then, aren’t just spirits, but a kind of god. Such rituals as the Lemuria aren’t only apotropaic—representative of  a type of magic to ward off negative influences—but also  negotiate with the dead in different ways. In other texts, the interaction between the human and the manes is encouraged. Thus, the Lemuria provides an insight into the complexities of the ways the Romans regarded their dead.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But these manes  arent the only sprits involved in this festival.  In Jack J. Lennon’s Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome, he author mentions another kind of spirit invoked in the Lemuria. These are the  taciti inferi, the silent dead. Unlike the manes, Lennon says, â€Å"these spirits were labeled as harmful and malicious.† Perhaps, then, the Lemuria was an occasion to propitiate different kinds of gods and spirits all at once. Indeed, other sources say the gods worshippers placated at the Lemuria werent the manes, but the lemures or the larvae, which were often conflated in antiquity. Even Michael Lipka terms these different types of spirits â€Å"confusingly similar.† The Romans likely took this holiday as a time to appease all the ghost-gods. Although Lemuria isnt celebrated today, it might have left its legacy in Western Europe. Some scholars theorize that modern All Saints’ Day derives  from this festival (along with another ghostly Roman holiday,  Parentalia). Though that assertion is a mere possibility, Lemuria still reigns supreme as one of the deadliest of all Roman holidays.

Anemia and Disorders Blood Tests - 1710 Words

Lethargy 1. A lowered level of consciousness, with drowsiness, listlessness, and apathy. Lethargy is a fairly imprecise description of the feeling or slowness, sluggishness, tiredness, or lack of energy. Lethargy in common usage may mean many things, including fatigue, drowsiness (sleepiness), lethargy, tiredness, malaise, listlessness, or weakness (including muscular weakness). The causes of these other similar symptoms also need to be investigated in researching a symptom of lethargy. Nevertheless, any type of lethargy symptom can indicate a serious medical condition and needs prompt medical investigation. Diagnosis of Lethargy * Blood tests * Full blood count and ESR * Electrolytes including calcium and magnesium -†¦show more content†¦* CBC * CRP * Ferritin, iron saturation * LFT- liver disease * Creatinine with eGFR * Electrolytes * Calcium, phosphate * TSH- Thyroid dsy function * Fasting glucose – Type 2 diabetes * Urinalysis- Renal impairment * ANA Comments: This wide range of test reflects the increased risk that older people have of many diseases and the difficulty of reaching a diagnosis in chronic tiredness. http://www.bpac.org.nz/resources/campaign/tiredness/bpac_tiredness_clinical_audit_wv.pdf Pallor Pallor is abnormal paleness or loss of skin color, which may develop suddenly or gradually. Although generalized pallor affects the entire body, its most apparent on the face, conjunctiva, oral mucosa, and nail beds. Localized pallor commonly affects a single limb. How easily pallor is detected varies with skin color and the thickness and vascularity of underlying subcutaneous tissue. At times, its merely a subtle lightening of skin color that may be difficult to detect in dark-skinned persons; sometimes its evident only on the conjunctiva and oral mucosa. Causes of Paleness: The following medical conditions are some of the possible causes of Paleness. There are likely to be other possible causes, so ask your doctor about your symptoms. * Stress * Physical exertion * Lack of sun exposure * Normal genetic variation * Illness * Fever * Some causes of sudden pallor include: * Fainting * Shock *Show MoreRelatedEssay on Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia1020 Words   |  5 Pages2002). Consequently, autoimmune disorders are the results of a breakdown of the bodys ability to acknowledge its own cells from foreign cell that causes it to produce an immune response against itself. This, in turn, triggers the bodys own defense mechanism to produce antibodies that attack the bodys own tissues and cells. (Franz, 2006, Laberge, Davidson, 2007). The immune system’s mission is to act as a defense mechanism against infections. An autoimmune disorder is the result of the body’s immuneRead MoreBlood Disorders1013 Words   |  5 Pages Blood Disorders Amanda Swindell HCA/240 August 9, 2015 Dr. Monica Chase Blood Disorders Blood is one of the most essential elements within the body. Blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, and platelets. Blood is vital to the body functioning correctly, and it is important to understand that there are many types of blood disorders that can cause people to get sick. While there are many different types of blood disorders out there, this paper is going to cover three which are, anemia, sickleRead MoreHca/240 Blood Disorders893 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Disorders Elizabeth Martinez HCA/240 December 19, 2010 Melvina Brandau Some blood disorders can be prevented while there are others that are out of a person’s hands and have to live with a blood disorder for a life time. It is essential to know the causes of hereditary disease and know how to treat them. It is also important to know what can be done to â€Å"cure† other blood disorders and what preventive measures need to be taken in order to stop history from repeating itself. Iron deficiencyRead MoreThe Most Common Blood Disorder: Anemia Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesAnemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells. These cells are the main transporters of oxygen to organs. If red blood cells are also deficient in hemoglobin, then your body isnt getting enough oxygen. For this reason, doctors sometimes describe someone with anemia as having a low blood count. A person who has anemia is called anemic. It can reduce your quality of life and increase your risk of death. Anemia is the most common bl ood condition in the U.SRead MoreThalassemia is a blood disorder transferred through families. It occurs when the body makes less700 Words   |  3 PagesThalassemia is a blood disorder transferred through families. It occurs when the body makes less hemoglobin than needed or an unusual form of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen. The disorder makes an excessive amount of destruction of red blood cells. This eventually leads to anemia. There are two main types of thalassemia. The first one is Alpha thalassemia. This occurs when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin protein are missing or mutated. It happensRead MoreImmune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia ( Imha )1614 Words   |  7 PagesImmune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) is one of the most severe autoimmune disorders that kills between 29-77% of dogs each year [1]. The disease is usually found in large and middle aged dogs. IMHA is a pathologic process that results in premature destruction of red blood cells when an immune response directly or indirectly targets red blood cells of all ages[ 2]. IMHA can be caused by various factors, but categorized in two ways. IMHA can be an idiopathic autoimmune event (primary IMHA) or associatedRead MoreHow Blood And The Body Is Made Up Of Many Different Components876 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Disorders Natasha Hurndon HCA/240 Janet Jowitt October 13, 2014 The blood in the body is made up of many different components. The components of the blood include red blood cells, plasma, and platelets, each having a specific function. In this paper I will explain the difference between the three and the specific function they carry out within the human body, as well as how the relate to the scenarios in this week’s assignment. Red blood cells are the most needed of the threeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Anemia1551 Words   |  7 PagesMegaloblastic anemia due to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) deficiency 1. Abstract Studies have shown that folate deficiency megaloblastic anemia is associated with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) deficiency due to mutations in the DHFR gene. In order for tetrahydrofolate (THR) to be able to participate in the de novo synthesis of DNA building blocks, it needs to be regenerated from dihydrofolate (DHR). Regeneration of THR requires DHR to be reduced by the enzyme DHFR. Hence, a deficiency in DHFRRead MoreWhat Is Mutation? What Is a Gene Mutation? Discuss Sickle Cell Anemia (Its Cause, Effect, and Treatment) B) What Are Mutagens and Their Effects? C) What Is Genetic Counseling? Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of This Procedure.873 Words   |  4 Pagesevery cell in the body. Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm cell, or those that occur just after fertilization, are called new (de novo) mutations. De novo mutations may explain genetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in every cell, but has no family history of the disorder. Acqui red (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at some time during a persons life. These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from theRead MoreSickle-Cell Anemia531 Words   |  3 Pages Sickle-Cell Anemia is an inherited, chronic blood disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. When the blood cells become crescent/sickle shaped, they are unable to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to other cells. Also, these unusual â€Å"sickle† cells block blood pathways to the limbs and organs, limiting the amount of blood flowing throughout the body. It causes pain, organ damage, and anemia (low blood count). Unfortunately, however, when sufferers are born with this disease

Equality Legislation Essay Sample free essay sample

The followers is a usher merely to the statute law presently in topographic point that impacts on equality and diverseness issues. and is non a comprehensive list. 1970 The Equal Pay Act ( EPA ) ( as amended ) . makes it improper for employers to know apart between work forces and adult females in footings of their wage and conditions ( including wage. holiday entitlement. pension etc ) where they are making the same or similar work ; work rated as equivalent ; or work of equal value. 1974 The Health and Safety at Work Act places a general responsibility on employers to protect the wellness. safety and public assistance of their employees. Employers may besides be in breach of contract for neglecting to protect workers’ wellness and safety. 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act ( SDA ) ( as amended ) . makes it improper to know apart on evidences of sex or matrimonial position in countries such as employment. instruction and the proviso of goods and services. 1976 The Race Relations Act ( RRA ) ( as amended ) makes it improper to know apart on evidences of coloring material. race. nationality. cultural or national beginning. The Race Relations ( Amendment ) Act 2000 outlaws favoritism in all public authorization maps. and places a general responsibility on public governments to advance race equality and good race dealingss. There is besides a specific responsibility to bring forth a Race Equality Policy and undertake race equality impact appraisals. 1994 Under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. it is a condemnable offense to mean to do torment. dismay or hurt. 1995 The Racial and Religious Hatred Bill ( amendment to Public Order Act 1986 ) . extends the racial hatred offenses in the 1986 Act to cover stirring up hatred against individuals on racial or spiritual evidences. 1995 The Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) ( as amended ) makes it improper to know apart on evidences of disablement in the countries of employment. the proviso of goods and services and instruction. The 2005 Regulations provide new definitions of direct favoritism and torment and widen the responsibility to do sensible accommodations. 1995 The Occupational Pensions ( Equal Treatment ) Regulations ( as amended ) addendum the demands for equal intervention under the Pensions Act 1995. In peculiar they provide for the Equal Pay Act to hold consequence in relation to an equal intervention regulation. The Regulations allow a tribunal or tribunal to do a declaration as to an applicant’s rights to equal intervention. The 2005 Regulations amend the clip bound for conveying proceedings before a tribunal to procure equal intervention under an occupational pension strategy. 1995 The Pensions Act requires occupational pension strategies to detect the rule of equal intervention between work forces and adult females. 1996 The Employment Rights Act ( as amended by the Employment Relations Act 1999 ) covers many issues including an employee’s entitlement to pregnancy go forth. paternity leave. acceptance leave. parental leave and the right to bespeak flexible working agreements. It besides outlaws hurt in employment and affords employees a right non to be below the belt dismissed and to have a redundancy payment ( supplying measure uping standards are met ) . Further Regulations elaborate on these. 1997 The Protection from Harassment Act makes harassment both a civil civil wrong and condemnable offense. and although originally drafted to supply protection from stalking. screens other signifiers of torment. both in and out of the workplace. 1998 The Malicious Communications Act makes it an offense to direct an indecent. violative or baleful missive. electronic communicating or other article to another individual and the Telecommunications Act ( 1984 ) makes similar commissariats in regard of telephone messages. 1998 The Working Time Regulations ( as amended ) purpose to better wellness and safety by commanding working hours. The Regulations afford basic rights and protections to workers non merely employees. including minimal paid one-year leave entitlements. rights to rest periods at work and bounds on hebdomadal working clip. 1998 The Human Rights Act gives consequence to rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights. The statute law makes it improper for a public authorization to transgress convention rights. unless an Act of Parliament prevents it from moving otherwise. 1999 The Sex Discrimination ( Gender Reassignment ) Regulations make it improper to know apart against a individual for the intent of employment or vocational preparation on the land that that individual intends to undergo. is undergoing. or has at some clip in the past undergone gender reassignment. In peculiar. the Regulations give transexuals the right to be protected from direct favoritism. 2000The Part Time Workers ( Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment ) Regulations make it improper for employers to handle part-timers less favorably in their footings and conditions of employment than comparable full-timers ( unless that intervention is objectively justified ) . The Regulations require an employer to use a ‘pro-rata’ rule to certain contractual entitlements such as wage and vacation. so that parttime staff are non treated less favorably than full clip staff. 2001 The Particular Educational Needs and Disability Act ( SENDA ) extends the DDA ( 1995 ) to include the proviso instruction ( including Higher Education ) . It makes it illegal to know apart in the proviso of instruction on the evidences of a student’s disablement. It is now mostly incorporated within the DDA ( 2005 ) . 2001 The Sex Discrimination ( Indirect Discrimination and Burden of Proof ) Regulations widen the definition of indirect favoritism and clarifies that in a tribunal claim it is first up to the employee to set up factsthat could represent sex favoritism. The load of cogent evidence so shifts to the employer to demo that there is a non-discriminatory ground for its actions. 2002 The Employment Act makes proviso for rights to paternity and acceptance leave and pay ; amends the jurisprudence associating to statutory pregnancy leave and pay ; makes proviso for the usage of statutory processs in relation to employment differences ; and covers the right to bespeak flexible working. 2003 The Employment Equality ( Religion and Belief ) Regulations make it improper to know apart on evidences of faith or spiritual belief in employment and vocational preparation. 2003 The Employment Equality ( Sexual Orientation ) Regulations make it improper to know apart on evidences of sexual orientation in employment and vocational preparation. The Regulations protect homophiles. straight persons and bisexuals. 2004 The Civil Partnership Act defines a new legal relationship. which can be registered by two people of the same sex. It gives same-sex twosomes the ability to obtain legal acknowledgment for their relationship and affords them equal intervention to get married twosomes in a broad scope of legal affairs. 2004 The Gender Recognition Act 2004 gives legal acknowledgment to a transsexual’s acquired gender. For illustration. a male-to-female transexual will be lawfully recognised as a adult female in English jurisprudence. 2005 Disability Discrimination Act makes significant amendments to the 1995 Act. It introduces a responsibility on all public organic structures to advance equality of chance for handicapped people. In peculiar. public organic structures have to bring forth a Disability Equality Scheme to advance disablement and to explicate how they intend to carry through the responsibility to advance equality. It besides extends the definition of disablement. Part four of the DDA now mostly supercedes the SENDA ( 2001 ) . 2005 The Employment Equality ( Sex Discrimination ) Regulations are concerned with the rule of equal intervention of work forces and adult females as respects entree to employment. vocational preparation and publicity. and working conditions. It makes alterations to the definition of torment at work and indirect favoritism. and besides prohibits favoritism on the evidences of gestation and pregnancy leave. 2006 The Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations make it improper to know apart against employees. occupation searchers or trainees on evidences of age in employment and vocational preparation. They prohibit direct and indirect favoritism. exploitation. instructions to know apart and torment. They introduce a minimal retirement age of 65 ; a responsibility on employers to react to petitions to work beyond retirement age ; and take the upper age bound for claiming a redundancy payment or unjust dismissal. 2006 The Equality Act makes proviso for the constitution of the Equality and Human Rights Commission ( EHRC ) by unifying the Equal Opportunities Commission. the Commission for Racial Equality and the Disability Rights Commission. The EHRC is responsible for advancing equality and diverseness and will work towards extinguishing favoritism on the usual evidences ( including faith and belief. sexual orientation. age. gender. disablement. race and gender reassignment. It besides creates a responsibility on public governments to advance equality of chance between work forces and adult females by necessitating public organic structures to bring forth a Gender Equality Scheme. 2007 The Equality Act ( Sexual Orientation ) Regulations 2007 make it improper to know apart on the evidences of sexual orientation in the proviso of goods. installations and services. instruction. disposal and direction of premises and the exercising of public maps. This papers was reviewed by the University’s canvassers in November 2007. nevertheless where necessary please seek advice and elucidation from a legal expert. Further information on equality and diverseness issues can be found at World Wide Web. staffs. Ac. uk/diversity

St. Augustine’s spiritual journey of divine reverence as evidenced in his Confessions Essay Example

St. Augustine’s spiritual journey of divine reverence as evidenced in his Confessions Paper Although Augustine of Hippo’s early life was disordered and undisciplined, his adult life is marked by maturity and spiritual searching. His steadfast spiritual journey – one identified with penance and dedication – will lead him to a profound understanding of the message of Christ. He attains a refined reverence for the omnipotent will of God. Although St. Augustine lived at an age that was far removed from St. Francis Assisi’s, some of the values cherished and preached by the latter is easily applicable to the former’s life. Reverence is one such Franciscan value that is represented by Augustine’s lifelong spiritual journey. The rest of this essay will highlight this connection by citing relevant passages from the Confessions as well as scholarly commentary given upon it. One of the early influences on St. Augustine was the Greek theologian Plotinus, whose famous words ‘alone with the Alone’ made an impact on the young aspirant. This peculiar theory appeared so valid to the young Augustine because it relieved him from the moral conundrums upon which he was entangled. Further, â€Å"by articulating God as the distant and perfect One, it allowed Augustine to think of ultimate reality apart from materialistic and this–worldly categories. Further, by removing God from this obviously ambiguous realm through a series of ontological buffers, it allowed Augustine to see how God is not directly implicated in evil. He could breathe easy again.† (Barron, 2007) St. Augustine of Hippo’s early years was marked by confusion and unscrupulous behaviour. As a result there was no scope for spiritual development. In his early youth he believed in the Manichaean religion which was full of superstition. His blind belief in astrology also hampered his intellect. It was not until his conversion to Christianity that Augustine came to realize his true calling. His reverence for life and its divine purpose began to dawn at that moment. One of the turning points in St. Augustine’s progress is when he committed to upholding eternal matters – that which is spiritual and heavenly – over the temporal. He believed that Christian emperor Constantine’s rise to power â€Å"was not necessarily the answer to biblical prophecy or a show of God’s providence in an eternal Roman Empire.† (Smither, 2007) This shows that Augustine was able to separate theology from surrounding politics at an early stage of his monkhoo d. We will write a custom essay sample on St. Augustine’s spiritual journey of divine reverence as evidenced in his Confessions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on St. Augustine’s spiritual journey of divine reverence as evidenced in his Confessions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on St. Augustine’s spiritual journey of divine reverence as evidenced in his Confessions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The sixth chapter of the Confessions is particularly helpful in understanding St. Augustine’s spiritual growth. Here, shedding his adherence to ascetic isolation, Augustine contends that a spiritually fulfilling life is possible both in the presence of God as well as in the company of people. Thus, Augustine’s outwardly ‘selfish’ pursuit of God â€Å"charitably benefited others while also exposing the deficiencies of humans to love. This, in turn, led him back to the presence of God for genuine satisfaction.† (Smither, 2007) It is interesting to look at Augustine’s philosophical antecedents in the lead up to his conversion in 386 A.D. Prior to this period he and his close friends tried living a ‘happy life’ as a community in Milan (Chadwick, 2008). It is a sign of his inner strength and conviction that despite the failure in Milan, he initiated similar philosophical and spiritual communities at Cassiciacum numerous other towns in the months preceding his baptism in 387. In this communal context â€Å"of pursuing God in the company of others, Augustine broke with Cicero’s classical idea of friendship (amicitia) toward a uniquely Christian understanding that he eventually termed caritas.† (Smither, 2007) Of the thirteen books that comprise the Confessions, it is only in the later half that St. Augustine contemplates Christianity in full measure. That too, it is in the eighth book that he finally converts to the religion. This shows that most of St. Augustine’s spiritual journey is one of seeking than finding answers. The totem that the journey is itself the destination is true in this case, for all the years that was spent wandering in search of religious truth were not wasted. They were the rites of passage toward spiritual salvation. All the early struggles had actually increased St. Augustine’s reverence for the Christian God. Understanding the nature and will of the Christian God was a central Augustinian preoccupation. For, everything else, including â€Å"culture, politics, nature, human relationships–is properly understood only in the measure that ultimate reality is grasped with at least a relative adequacy.† (Barron, 2007) In the tradition of other Christian luminaries of his time, St. Augustine his entire spiritual quest was cantered on that question. At the end of his questioning, Augustine found a truth that liberated from ignorance. The dialectical process through which Augustine achieved spiritual wisdom is remarkably relevant to our time, and â€Å"that finding for ourselves the truth that he found is of great moment not only for our personal spiritual fulfillment but also for the health of our Church and culture.† (Barron, 2007) Works Cited Barron, R. (2007). Augustine’s Questions: Why the Augustinian Theology of God Matters Today. Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, 10(4), 35+. Smither, E. (2007). The Way That Leads There: Augustinian Reflections on the Christian Life. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 50(3), 665+. Chadwick, Henry(2008). Saint Augustine: Confessions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-953782-8.

The Idea of Nature and its Essence

The Idea of Nature and its Essence The idea of nature is one of the most widely employed in philosophy and by the same token one of the most ill-defined. Authors such as Aristotle and Descartes relied on the concept of nature to explain the fundamental tenets of their views, without ever attempting to define the concept. Even in contemporary philosophy, the idea is oftentimes employed, in different forms. So, what is nature? Nature and the Essence of a Thing The philosophical tradition that traces back to Aristotle employs the idea of nature to explain that which defines the essence of a thing. One of the most fundamental metaphysical concepts, the essence indicates those properties that define what a thing is. The essence of water, for instance, will be its molecular structure, the essence of a species, its ancestral history; the essence of a human, its self-consciousness or its soul. Within the Aristotelian traditions, hence, to act in accordance with nature means to take into account the real definition of each thing when dealing with it. The Natural World At times the idea of nature is instead used to refer to anything that exists in the universe as part of the physical world. In this sense, the idea embraces anything that falls under the study of the natural sciences, from physics to biology to environmental studies. Natural vs. Artificial Natural is often used also to refer to a process which occurs spontaneously as opposed to one that occurs as the result of the deliberation of a being. Thus, a plant grows naturally when its growth was not planned by a rational agent; it grows otherwise artificially. An apple would hence be an artificial product, under this understanding of the idea of nature, although most would agree that an apple is a product of nature (that is, a part of the natural world, that which is studied by natural scientists). Nature vs. Nurture Related to the spontaneity vs. artificiality divide is the idea of nature as opposed to nurture. The idea of culture becomes here central to draw the line. That which is natural as opposed to that which is the outcome of a cultural process. Education is a central example of a non-natural process: under many accounts, education is seen as a process against nature. Clearly enough, from this perspective there are some items that cannot ever be purely natural: any human development is shaped by the activity, or lack thereof, of interaction with other human beings; there is no such thing as a natural development of human language, for instance. Nature as Wilderness The idea of nature is at times used to express the wilderness. Wilderness lives at the edge of civilization, of any cultural processes. In the strictest reading of the term, humans can encounter wilderness in very few selected places on earth nowadays, those were the influence of human societies is negligible; if you include the environmental impact produced by humans on the whole ecosystem, there may well be no wild place left on our planet. If the idea of wilderness is loosened a bit, then even through a walk in a forest or a trip on the ocean one may experience that which is wild, i.e. natural. Nature and God Finally, an entry on nature cannot omit that which perhaps has been the most widely employed understanding of the term in past millennia: nature as the expression of the divine. The idea of nature is central in most religions. It has taken numerous forms, from specific entities or processes (a mountain, the sun, the ocean, or fire) to embracing the whole realm of existents. Further Online Readings The entry on Laws of Nature at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.The entry on Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

How to Use the French Word Du Tout

How to Use the French Word Du Tout The French word du tout, which is pronounced, du too, means (not) at all. It has a normal register. Usage The French expression du tout emphasizes a negative word, most commonly the negative adverb pas. When used with pas, du tout can be placed either right after it or else at the end of the sentence; the latter is a bit more forceful. Je naime pas du tout courir. / Je naime pas courir du tout. I dont like running at all.Il na pas du tout changà ©. / Il na pas changà © du tout. He hasnt changed at all.Elle na pas du tout didà ©es. / Elle na pas didà ©es du tout. She doesnt have any ideas at all. In response to a question, du tout can be used on its own or with pas to mean not/none at all. Veux-tu aller au cinà ©Ã‚  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. Do you want to go to the movies? -Not at all.Tu nas pas dargent  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. You dont have any money? -None at all. Du tout can also be used with other negative words: Il na rien fait du tout ce matin. He did nothing at all / He did absolutely nothing this morning.Personne du tout nà ©tait la plage. There was no one at all / There was absolutely no one at the beach.  Il ny a plus du tout de cafà ©. Theres no coffee left at all.Elle est partie sans pleurer du tout. She left without crying at all.

Close Reading about Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Close Reading about Poem - Essay Example Besides, in an otherwise regular iambic pentameter, the poet also exploits a variation of accents to create a noticeable rhythm. For that matter the line 6 in the sonnet shows no distinctive alternation of the short syllables and the long syllables. The expressions â€Å"precious friends hid† and â€Å"dateless night† show a matching stress. The poet has also used assonance to add melody to the sonnet. For instance, the ‘e’ sounds in â€Å"When to the sessions† and â€Å"summons up remembrance† in the first two lines. The other particular thing that makes one appreciate the technical mastery of the poet is that he creates a sense of balance in the sonnet by linking enjambment in the 10th line of the sonnet with caesura in the 5th line. In Sonnet 29 one really feels sympathetic and sorry for the poet as he confesses that he lacked in the qualities required to be materialistically successful. However, the amazing thing is that the poem ends with the positive idea that sincere relationships can extend happiness and worth to an otherwise unsuccessful life. In the line 10 -12, the poet makes use of simile as he compares his depressed mental condition to a lark. This indeed enhances the dramatic element in the sonnet. Similarly the poet while saying â€Å"trouble def heaven† uses personification to convey his spiritual agony. Thereby, the Sonnet 29 is particularly rich in symbolism and allegorical implications. It is a well contrived sonnet primarily relying on a masterful use of sound patterns to achieve impact. The iambic pentameter in this particular sonnet throughout remains consistent. This consistent use of iambic pentameter when matched with an abrupt use of the literary device called ‘turn’ amply enhances the overall appeal of the poem. In this sonnet Shakespeare makes a skillful use of the tone and the diction to make

Expound deeper meanings of the movie The Strangers (2008) Essay

Expound deeper meanings of the movie The Strangers (2008) - Essay Example The review further finds that the film deviates from the usual blood and gore but focuses on being â€Å"suspenseful and brilliantly invested in silence† (par.2). Thus, obviously, the movie’s purpose is not to present the usual graphic flicks of violence and bloodshed in the name of horror but to illustrate the intricacies of human life, where the â€Å"seeming† differs from the â€Å"real.† Thus, the movie subtly portrays a hidden meaning that the house that appears to be safe hosts horrors lurking beneath the surface and the couple who seems to be so close are in fact distanced from each other. In the beginning of the movie, as the couple drives across the street, the audience views a serene, peaceful and calm neighborhood, with several houses that look quiet elegant and clean, with beautiful gardens. Thus, overall the impression one gathers is that of a safe and tranquil environment. Then the movie shows blood on the wall and a gun as the audiences list ens to a 911 report in progress. Thus, by contrasting a serene environment with the telltale signs of brutal violence, the movie reveals that there is a hidden meaning about the home and that all is not well as it seems. The movie then goes into the flashback mode, showing the events that resulted in the distress call. The couple has been to a marriage reception and they decide to take a retreat at the residence, which is the summer home of the boy’s family. Thus, for the couple there exists the presumption of safety attached to the villa. However, as the couple enters the home and takes a walk around the audience can feel a disconcerting aura around the home, which is one of the most significant elements for making it a subtle horror movie. The creepiness enhances as the film progresses, especially with the introduction of the girl, who knocks at the door, asking for Tamara. From then on, the concept of safety of the home dissipates and fear starts creeping in. Thus, the mov ie reveals that there is something hidden about the home, a lurking primeval fear below its calm and serene appearance. A while after they reach the home, James, the protagonist, proposes to Kristen, saying â€Å"I remember the first time I saw you,† which suggests that the couple have been seeing each other for a while (Bryan 2008). However, Kristen refuses. Thus, the audience receives the first hint that though they appear familiar with each other, there is something that separates them. As the movie progresses, the audience feels an undercurrent of tension that mounts between them. It becomes more pronounced when James begins to have the ice cream without waiting for his girlfriend, though he knows she will join him soon. The accompanying music in these scenes accentuates the tension between them. Subsequently, James offers the ring back to Kristen telling her, â€Å"Take it because I can’t take it back† (Bryan 2008). Kristen does not respond and keeps runnin g her fingers through her untied hair. However, when James offers her the wine bottle from which he has taken a swig, she accepts and takes herself a swig too. This gesture connotes to a personal bonding, which, in fact, does not exist between them. Thus, though both these characters act as if they are quite familiar with each other, their closeness is literally wearing off. Besides, though the couple shows certain intimacy between, their relationship does not seem mature enough to culminate into a

After the Revolutionary War Essay Example for Free

After the Revolutionary War Essay After the Revolutionary War, many Americans realized that the government established by the Articles of Confederation was not working. America needed a new form of government. It had to be strong enough to maintain national unity over a large geographic area, but not so strong as to become a tyranny. Unable to find an exact model in history to fit Americas unique situation, delegates met at Philadelphia in 1787 to create their own solution to the problem. Their creation was the United States Constitution. Before the Constitution could become the supreme law of the land, it had to be ratified or approved by at least nine of the thirteen states. When the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787, they knew ratification would not be easy. Many people were bitterly opposed to the proposed new system of government. A public debate soon erupted in each of the states over whether the new Constitution should be accepted. More important, it was a crucial debate on the future of the United States. The Federalist Papers Nowhere was the furor over the proposed Constitution more intense than in New York. Within days after it was signed, the Constitution became the subject of widespread criticism in the New York newspapers. Many commentators charged that the Constitution diminished the rights Americans had won in the Revolution. Fearful that the cause for the Constitution might be lost in his home state, Alexander Hamilton devised a plan to write a series of letters or essays rebutting the critics. It is not surprising that Hamilton, a brilliant lawyer, came forward at this moment to defend the new Constitution. At Philadelphia, he was the only New Yorker to have signed the Constitution. The other New York delegates had angrily left the Convention convinced that the rights of the people were being abandoned. Hamilton himself was very much in favor of strengthening the central government. Hamilton’s Constitution would have called for a president elected for life with the power to appoint state governors. Hamilton soon backed away from these ideas, and decided that the Constitution, as written, was the best one possible. Hamilton published his first essay in the New York Independent Journal on October 27, 1787. He signed the articles with the Roman name Publius. (The use of pseudonyms by writers on public affairs was a common practice.) Hamilton soon recruited two others, James Madison and John Jay, to contribute essays to the series. They also used the pseudonym Publius. James Madison, sometimes called the Father of the Constitution, had played a major role during the Philadelphia Convention. As a delegate from Virginia, he participated actively in the debates. He also kept detailed notes of the proceedings and drafted much of the Constitution. Unlike Hamilton and Madison, John Jay of New York had not been a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. A judge and diplomat, he was serving as secretary of foreign affairs in the national government. Between October 1787 and August 1788, Publius wrote 85 essays in several New York newspapers. Hamilton wrote over 60 percent of these essays and helped with the writing of others. Madison probably wrote about a third of them with Jay composing the rest. The essays had an immediate impact on the ratification debate in New York and in the other states. The demand for reprints was so great that one New York newspaper publisher printed the essays together in two volumes entitled The Federalist, A Collection of Essays, written in favor of the New Constitution, By a Citizen of New York. By this time the identity of Publius, never a well-kept secret, was pretty well known. The Federalist, also called The Federalist Papers, has served two very different purposes in American history. The 85 essays succeeded by helping to persuade doubtful New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution. Today, The Federalist Papers helps us to more clearly understand what the writers of the Constitution had in mind when they drafted that amazing document 200 years ago.

Setting in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay exampl

Swaying trees in the distance, blue skies and birds chirping, all of these are examples of setting. Setting can create the mood and tone of characters in a story. In the story Hills Like White Elephants, the story starts out with our two characters, Jig and the American, also referred to as the man, on a train overlooking mountains. â€Å"The girl was looking off at the line of hills. They were white in the sun and the country was brown and dry† (Hemingway). In the case of this short story, the hills provided Jig something to take her mind off of the grueling conversation she was having with the Man. As said by a critic, â€Å"the story itself is comprised almost entirely of dialogue. Although there is a situation, there is no plot† (Henningfield). This characteristic makes the story harder to identify. As the couple reached the station they sat down on a bench and continued to talk. â€Å"The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station, looking at f ields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro† (Hemingway). The location of setting plays a big role in how the characters wi...

El Cairum/Cairo †the most populated city in Africa Essay

El Cairum or known today as Cairo ranks the most populated city in Africa with the population of 7.8 million and ranked first in the economy in the Middle East. Cairo demonstrates innumerous amount of culture, art, food, newly found sports, and an enrich history throughout its city. It’s known for its tourism, multi-culture, and astonishing city’s sights. Which I found all to be authentically true. If you were to live in Cairo, then first you might notice a significant difference in the climate. First of all, if you’re use to a temperature climate with an average humidity then you’ll surely find a dramatic change in Cairo’s climate. Cairo’s climate is a desert climate therefore it has extremely dry seasons, very little amount of rain, and high temperature. However, since the city is along the Nile River, it has high humidity, harsh flooding during heavy rainfall, and frequent windstorms. So if you’re not a person who handles heat very well it might not be the place to go to. Also, it has a rich geography which multiple locations. Cairo is located in Northern Egypt and along the Nile River as stated before but it’s also south of the Mediterranean Sea and west of the Gulf of Suez. At first, Cairo was developing its cities eastern but since they ran out of space to continue western thus having develop an underground water sewage system to feed the western part of the city. Most skyscrapers are located in the greenish area boarding the Nile River giving it a unique skyline. Anyhow, since Cairo is a city and is among Africa’s largest city and Egypt’s capital its infrastructure is enormous. It has a well-structure education system with multiple universities including Al Azhar University, Cairo University, American University in Cairo, and Higher Technological Institute. Their healths structure it by far the most advance level of medical care in the country. Also having degrees in medical care in some of the cities’ universities. Transportation in Cairo is also a well built system. With having multiple of transports such as the road network, rail system, subway system, and maritime services. However it can get overcrowded during rush hour. Moreover, Cairo delivers Egypt’s 90% of overall culture making it the main attraction for tourism. It’s also famous for places like the Cairo Opera House, Khedivial Opera House, Cairo International Film Festival, and the Cairo Geniza. All associated to be over centuries of years old. Thus, making Cairo have a large economy with tourism. So it isn’t hard to find a job in Cairo if you’re ever willing to stay. But if you just dropping by, I suggest you go to the Cairo Tower for the most spectacular view of Cairo or you can drop by one of their tons of mosques or visit the Egyptian Museums. It sure is better than an ordinary test book too. Only thing you might want to look out for in Egypt is the pollution since it’s currently the main issue in Cairo other than that, it’s a great place to visit.

Premier Fitness Ethics Assignment

Ethics Assignment Premier Fitness The actions in question regarding Premier Fitness Clubs were proven to be misleading and in violation of the competition act as well as the basic consumerism trend that has aimed to empower consumers and increase their rights. In their quest to meet the firm’s profit oriented objectives, objectives of being economically usefull, and to earn enough profit to survive, Premier Fitness seemingly decided that they could forgo the objective of being socially useful. Misleading/false advertising and marketing was employed that drastically reduced or eliminated social usefulness by underhandedly convincing customers to enter contracts with the fitness club that resulted in materially higher fees, undisclosed costs, and high total net costs than the advertising would lead their customers to believe. Information was not adequately disclosed to portray the true costs associated with gym membership and cancellation of membership was found to be excessively difficult. Premier Fitness also was found to be withdrawing money from cancelled customer accounts which is also unethical behavior on their part. It is ironic that focusing on profit oriented objectives and the resulting unethical activity lead to the payment of a $200,000 fine by Premier Fitness for their unethical actions. Social usefulness was sacrificed by producing misleading advertisements that would lead customers to come to incorrect conclusions regarding total fees. This action violates the competition act and gave Premier Fitness and unethical advantage over their direct competition in the competitive business of fitness establishments. The competition act is structured to limit monopolistic behavior that could be damaging to smaller competitors and protect consumers, and by violating it, Premier Fitness could have negatively affected the competition in an unethical fashion as well as harmed consumers who ended up suffering greater financial losses than they had expected based on the advertising that they would have thought they fully understood. Premier Fitness’ false/misleading advertising and marketing would have left customers to believe that Premier Fitness was giving lower prices than the competition, which was not necessarily the case. Customers would therefore wrongly choose Premier Fitness’ services over those of the competition based on the superior price-point that Superior Fitness was seemingly offering. The result is that Premier Fitness’ acts harmed both the customers themselves as well as the competition that was advertising in a more ethical manor and losing business to Premier because of it. Advertising produced by Premier Fitness was misleading in that it violated many of the ‘do’s and don’ts’ of advertising. For example, using of fine print that was excessively small and possibly not legible. The impression created by the ad was much different than what the fine print conveyed. Also, not all material information was disclosed in all advertising, as some information was strategically left out of some advertisements. Premier’s misleading advertising and fine-print resulted in the charging of higher prices when multiple prices were appearing on their advertised product. With the misleading nature of the advertisements, customers were seemingly charged above the advertised price. The result of legal actions taken against Premier Fitness has undoubtedly affected their reputation considerably. Wide-spread negative publicity toward the company has unquestionably had a negative impact on the company’s operations. Websites designed to promote consumerism are a breeding grounds for the spreading of negative publicity towards unethical business operation. Although Premier continues to operate and has been in business for many years, it is conceivable that their reputation has been tarnished in a way that offsets any financial gains obtained through their unethical actions. Lost business due to poor reputation could easily have negatively impacted their financial objectives far more than gains achieved through misleading and false advertising. In order to fully recover from the negative effects on reputation that this incident has caused, Premier Fitness may benefit from re-aligning its objectives towards more of a customer oriented focus. Its marketing objectives must also be evaluation in order to be in line with such changes in the focus of the company objectives since marketing objectives often go hand-in-hand with company objectives. It is clear by the results observed in this case that Premier Fitness should have paid closer attention to the legal environment. Closer attention would have yielded the knowledge and understanding of the laws that inevitably were broken and could have guided Premier in a more ethical direction that would have bypassed the requirement for legal action and all the following negative publicity and financial ramifications that have haunted Premier Fitness thereafter.

Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown The key concept of this research paper is an in-depth analysis of the book â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. This bibliography analyses the works of Johnson Claudia, Hurley Paul, Korb Rena, Carlson Patricia, and Hostetler Norman. These articles review the book â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Young Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Carlson, Patricia Ann. Setting and Fictional Dynamics. Hawthornes Functional Settings: A Study of Artistic Method. Editions Rodopi, 1977. 128-131. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol.29. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. Carlson, Patricia Ann’s Setting and Fictional Dynamics† article discuses symbolic connotation of the village and forest settings which influences Goodman Brown’s view of good and evil. The author presents the scenic ele ments of the forest and the village without ambiguity. Carlson explains the innocence of village life. Also, she resonates on how an external influence can completely alter faith and perception. The article presents the climax of the plot in emotive context. The author resonates on the contradictory extremes of misguided attitude and false perception in the belief of ‘a blackness power.’ Besides, Carlson clarifies on Brand and Brown’s perception of super natural power. The conclusion of this article provides a summary of Brown’s frustration and eventual death. This article will add value to my research paper on the component of symbolism especially when discussing forest and the village. Besides, the author has simplified the understanding of factors which positively or negatively influence faith and perception. This article is developed from an array of deductive arguments from which Carlson creates her views. These arguments are relevant to my research t opic on the qualitative component. Conclusively, the article presents a strong climax on the plot of the story. Hostetler, Norman H. Narrative Structure and Theme in Young Goodman Brown. The Journal of Narrative Technique 12.3 (Fall 1982): 221-228. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 29.Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. In the article, ‘Narrative Structure and Theme in ‘Young Goodman Brown,’ by Hostetler Norman, the theme is conflict analysis between the narrator and title character. Besides, the article examines conscious awareness, Irony, imaginations, and the ideal epistemology in decision making. The author concurs that acceptance of universal experiment depends on perceptions and ability to create positive imagination.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hostetler examines the psy chological influence on judgment and conflict interpretation. Interestingly, conflict is the basis of confusion if unattended. The author identifies imaginations and awareness as themes. Hostetler presents well researched arguments. His proactive analysis of conflict is relevant to my research topic. The author proves that imaginations can be self-destructing especially when not balanced with reasoning. The conclusion of the article is drawn from a range of dependent and independent premises. These premises are relevant to the topic of my research. Hurley J. Paul. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown’s ‘Heart of Darkness.’† American Literature. Southern Illinois University: Illinois, 2003. EBSCO Publishing. Web. Hurley J. Paul’s article, ‘Young Goodman Brown’s Heart of Darkness,’ examines the controversies on ‘Young Goodman Brown.’ The article explores on the various views of sin, thus, evil. The author explains Arguments of di fferent critics and confesses of a diabolical inspiration. Besides, Hurley justifies limits of fiction in arguments and hallucinations. In conclusion, the author opines that self justification and ego-induced fantasy is a disease of the mind. This article presents strong arguments on the negative impacts of self-justification. Hurley suggests that imperative and factious arguments only results in confusion. Subsequently, confusion facilitates ego-induced fantasy. In the end, an individual becomes the victim of his/her beliefs. In my research paper, this article will be the basis of thesis statement. Since the article consists of well researched sources from which the author builds discrete arguments, I will adopt it. This approach is easily testable for fallacies and restrictive notions. Besides, the article incorporates views that are relevant to the research topic. Johnson, Claudia G. Young Goodman Brown and Puritan Justification. Studies in Short Fiction 11.2 (Spring 1974): 200-2 03. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 29. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Young Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay by Johnson, Claudia G. examines ‘Young Goodman Brown’ in the aspect of justification of Puritan doctrine stating that God can open man’s heart to let him know himself better. The author explores views of Puritan theorists concerning sin and descent. Johnson reviews Goodman Brown‘s descent and visions. Interestingly, the author concludes that Good Brown’s visions and views on Puritanism is regenerative, negative, and of unjustified fake descent. The author deliberates on separating and defining reality and dream. Though Newton Arvin views Goodman’s vision as true, Johnson seems to think otherwise. According to the doctrines of the puritans, G od gave man another chance after breaking the first Covenant. Despite the hard labor and sweat, the covenant of hope and faith swells above man’s inequities. However, the author asserts that Goodman’s vision misinterpreted justification to favor many of the misled followers who are not keen on self-scrutiny. Johnson’s views are practical as far as personal beliefs are concern. The essay concentrates on establishing the reality as part of self examination. In the research topic, the concept of self discovery is essential in predicting and interpreting behavior of an individual or a group. Thus, this resource will form part of the literature review. The author has applied qualitative research when analyzing arguments and refers to different schools of thought before a conclusion. Korb, Rena. An overview of Young Goodman Brown,. Short Stories for Students. Detroit: Gale, 2002.Literature Resource Center. Web. Korb Rena’s article, ‘An overview of Young G oodman Brown,’ examines various themes in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† such as Puritanism, ambiguity, good and evil, and allegorical structure tales. Narrated in prose form, the author presents an accurate picture of the Puritan society. Besides, the article explores on the interesting traits of the main characters. Korb’s writing assumes a universal allegory as part of the analysis. The author explores the rich culture, essence of faith, and beliefs in godliness. This article is clear on plot and characterization. Korb acknowledge existence of loneliness and sadness in a dungeon of the heart suffering spiritual isolation.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This source is a summary of Hawthorne’s book. Thus, the article is relevant to my topic of research. It expounds on characterization of the cast accompanied by a simple plot. Korb’s informed conclusion facilitates understanding of the book. Besides, this article presents a quantitative analysis of Hawthorne’s book.

Biography of Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the U.S.

Biography of Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the U.S. Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911–June 5, 2004) was the oldest president to serve in office. Before turning to politics, he had been involved in the movie industry not only through acting but also through serving as the president of Screen Actors Guild. He was the governor of California from 1967–1975. Reagan challenged Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election for the Republican nomination but ultimately failed in his bid. However, he was nominated by the party in 1980 to run against President Jimmy Carter. He won with 489 electoral votes to become Americas 40th president. Fast Facts: Ronald Wilson Reagan Known For: 40th president of the U.S., who led the country during the height of the Cold War.Also Known As: Dutch, The GipperBorn: Feb. 6, 1911 in Tampico, IllinoisParents: Nelle Clyde (nà ©e  Wilson), Jack ReaganDied: June 5, 2004 in Los Angeles, CaliforniaEducation: Eureka College  (Bachelor of Arts, 1932)Published Works: The Reagan DiariesHonors and Awards: Lifetime gold membership in the Screen Actors Guild, National Speakers Association  Speaker Hall of Fame,  United States Military Academys  Sylvanus Thayer AwardSpouse(s): Jane Wyman (m.  1940–1949), Nancy Davis  (m.  1952–2004)Children: Maureen, Christine, Michael, Patti, RonNotable Quote: Every time the government is forced to act, we lose something in self-reliance, character, and initiative. Early Life and Career Reagan was born on Feb. 5, 1911, in Tampico, a small town in northern Illinois. He attended and graduated from Eureka College  in Illinois in 1932 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Reagan began his career as a radio announcer that same year. He became the voice of Major League Baseball. In 1937, he became an actor after signing a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers. He moved to Hollywood and made about 50 movies. Reagan was part of the Army Reserve during World War II and was called  to active duty after Pearl Harbor. He was in the Army from 1942 to 1945, rising to the rank of captain. However, he never took part in combat and remained stateside. He narrated training films and was in the Army Air Force First Motion Picture Unit. Reagan was elected Screen Actors Guild president in 1947 and served until 1952, and served again from 1959 to 1960. In 1947, he testified before the House of Representatives concerning Communist influences in Hollywood. From 1967 to 1975, Reagan was the governor of California. 40th President Reagan was the obvious choice for the Republican nomination in 1980. George H.W. Bush was chosen to run as his vice president. He was opposed by President Jimmy Carter. The campaign centered on inflation, the gasoline shortage, and the Iran hostage situation. Reagan won with 51 percent of the popular vote and 489 out of 538 electoral votes. Reagan became president as America entered the worst recession in its history since the Great Depression. This led to the Democrats taking 26 Senate seats from Republicans in the 1982 election. However, recovery soon began and by 1984, Reagan easily won a second term. In addition, his inauguration brought an end to the Iran Hostage Crisis. More than 60 Americans were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979–January 20, 1980) by Iranian extremists. President Carter had attempted to rescue the hostages, but the attempt was unsuccessful due to mechanical failures. Sixty-nine days into his presidency, Reagan was shot by John Hinckley, Jr., who justified the assassination attempt as an effort to woo actress Jodie Foster. Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity. While in recovery, Reagan wrote a letter to then-Soviet Leader  Leonid Brezhnev hoping to find common ground. However, he would have to wait until  Mikhail Gorbachev took over in 1985 before building a better relationship with the Soviet Union and easing tensions between the two nations. Gorbachev ushered in an era of glasnost, greater freedom from censorship and of ideas. This brief period lasted from 1986 to 1991 and ended with the fall of the Soviet Union during the presidency of George H.W. Bush. In 1983, the U.S. invaded Grenada to rescue threatened Americans. They were rescued and the leftists were overthrown. Reagan was easily elected to a second term in 1984 after running against Democratic challenger Walter Mondale. Reagans campaign stressed that it was Morning in America, meaning that the country had entered into a new, positive era. Iran-Contra Scandal and Second Term One of the major issues of Reagans second administration was the Iran-Contra scandal, also called the Iran-Contra Affair, or just Irangate. This involved several individuals throughout the administration. In exchange for selling arms to Iran, money would be given to the revolutionary Contras in Nicaragua. The hope was also that by selling arms to Iran, terrorist organizations would be willing to give up hostages. However, Reagan had spoken out that America would never negotiate with terrorists. The Congress held hearings delving into the Iran-Contra scandal in mid-1987. Reagan eventually apologized to the nation for what had happened. Reagan completed his term on January 20, 1989, after several important meetings with Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev. Death Reagan retired after his second term to California. In 1994, he announced he had Alzheimers Disease and left public life. He died of pneumonia on June 5, 2004. Legacy One of the most important events that occurred during Reagans administration was the growing relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Reagan created a bond with Soviet leader Gorbachev, who instituted a new spirit of openness or glasnost. This would eventually lead to the downfall of the Soviet Union during President H.W. Bushs term in office. Reagans largest significance was his role in helping to bring about that downfall. His massive buildup of weapons, which the USSR could not match, and his friendship with Gorbachev helped usher in a new era that eventually caused the breakup of the USSR into individual states. His presidency was marred, however, by the events of the Iran-Contra Scandal. Reagan also adopted an economic policy whereby tax cuts were created to help increase savings, spending, and investment. Inflation went down and after a time, so did unemployment. However, a huge budget deficit was created. A number of terrorist acts occurred during Reagans time in office, including the April 1983 bombing attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut. Reagan claimed that five countries typically harbored aided terrorists: Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, and Nicaragua. Further, Muammar Qaddafi of Libya was singled out as the primary terrorist. Sources Editors, History.com. â€Å"Ronald Reagan.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009.â€Å"‘Morning in America.’†Ã‚  Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association.

Database and Data Warehousing Design Assignment

Database and Data Warehousing Design - Assignment Example The functional systems, for example marketing, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and so on, supply data the warehouse and making use of Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) approach the data is retrieved from the data warehouse (Rizzi, Abello, Lectenborger and Trujilo, 2006). Since the firm under discussion is concerned with a large volume of data to be considered for evaluation, for that reason, the data warehouse is suggested for execution by the company. The data warehouse would bring about the company not just in its business, but in addition delivers many different added benefits to the company. A few of the factors that motivate the execution of the data warehouse in the firm involve: the data warehouse in a position to cope with massive data, it generates reports instantly, accordingly. Saves time, it offers premium quality data and presents increased business intelligence. Nevertheless, the benefits are invariably linked to down sides, the risks of the data warehouse embody: investing time in extracting, clearing and uploading data, developing high upkeep system, and resource optimization. Keeping in mind the drawbacks of the data warehouse, there are particular rules and best procedures which the business has to stick to these while employing the data warehouse. Some of the most effective tactics that the organization ought to comply with incorporate: investing proper time in accumulating needs and style, building prototypes, correct usage of the centralized and in depth data, building data credibility checks and supply of correct training to the clients. Since the database of the firm is substantial, for that reason, the company must not deem building the relational data warehouse. On the other hand, the company is suggested to make use of the index partitioning and tables. It is advisable that the organization must comply with these best procedures to put into practice

Gone With The Wind Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gone With The Wind - Research Paper Example As such, parody on its own or with the inclusion of satire does not attract infringement while a satire that stands alone attracts infringement of the copyright law. This brings the issue of fair use as demonstrated by several infringement battles such as in the case of Colting’s 60 Years Later novel and Suntrust Bank v Houghton Mifflin. Fair use sets a legal ground that permits commercial and creative decisions regarding rewrites. This leads to more cultural products making our culture richer, but also poses the big challenge of determining what qualifies as fair use and what does not. Thampapillai, Dilan. The Novel as a Social Satire: 60 Years Later, the Wind Done Gone and the Limitations of Fair Use. Deakin Law Review (2012): 427-452.Print. In The Novel as a Social Satire: 60 Years Later, The Wind Done Gone and the Limitations of Fair Use, the author, Dilan Thampapillai, evaluate the doctrine of fair use and its application in the society. He also explores the difference be tween fair use in Australian Copyright law and the American Copyright law in order to give an insight into the distinction between satire and parody. Furthermore, Dilan evaluates application of fair use with reference to the case of 60 Years Later and the rewrite of Gone With The Wind. Dilan Thampapillai currently works as a lecturer at the Deakin University School of Law. Prior to this, Dilan worked at the Australian Government Solicitor and Attorney-General’s Department as a lawyer. Evidently, he has a good background in the area of law giving credibility to his work. In addition, Dilan specializes in topics such as free speech, intellectual property, and public law. Dilan currently studies PhD at Melbourne University, holds a Master in Laws and a Bachelor of Laws from Cornell University and Australian National University respectively. Furthermore, the article is recent, published in 2012, thus, has up to date information about fair use. I will use the information in this a rticle to get an insight into the issue of fair use and infringement of Copyright issues. I will use the information from this article to evaluate the circumstances that a rewrite qualifies as fair use, and the circumstances under which it does not, that is, qualifies as infringement. Thus, this article will help me to understand better the concepts of parody and satire, and how they apply in Copyright issues. Dilan Thampapillai writes, â€Å"What must be accepted then is that both parody and satire are exercises in free speech and the fact that they warrant a free use exception in copyright law suggests that the statutory monopoly that is copyright needs to be reconciled with democratic values† (429). Beebe, Barton. An Empirical Study of US Copyright Fair Use Opinions, 1978-2005. University of Philadelphia Law Review (2008): 582-586. Print. In An Empirical Study of US Copyright Fair Use Opinions, the author, Beebe Barton discusses several opinions that argue for fair use. Ba rton refers to the four conditions in the US Copyright Act that fair use is dependent on. These are character and purpose of use, nature of the work copyrighted, sustainability and amount, and effect on the market. Beebe Barton is an intellectual law expert and a lecturer of the same at the New York University of Law. Beebe has J.D. from Yale school of Law attained in 2001, PhD from Princeton University and B.A. in Masters from the University of Chicago. In addition, Beebe is well vast in the topic of intellectual law, infringement, and

Phase 3 Discussion Board (LOG676) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 3 Discussion Board (LOG676) - Coursework Example The paper will compare the involvement of the United States in humanitarian supply chains and that of Kenya. In 2004, the earthquake and tsunami claimed close to 230000 lives while displacing 1.7 million other people. In the United States, the response was unprecedented and unequaled mobilizing over US$565 million, in both cash and kind. Kenya has been involved in hosting refugees drawn from the neighboring war-torn Somalia and Sudan as well as providing soldiers under AMISON. In any disaster response management as pointed out by practitioners, and researchers, the effectiveness of any emergency drill rely entirely on logistic speed and efficiency. While both countries face the same problems like the impact of political and decision makers in the humanitarian supply chain, other factors such as certainty as well as challenges in the supply of materials, are unique to either. With disaster management efforts measured in terms of uncertainty and complexity, the United States is better equipped with rapid response materials. The main humanitarian arms in the U. S government are the State Department’s Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration, USAID, which work with the intergovernmental organizations like the UNHCR CARE and the Catholic Relief Services. While in Kenya, the Kenya Defense Forces, and the Red Cross standout. In my opinion, what makes the response of the United States more concerted is the almost seamless organization in the structure of disaster management as compared to Kenya. Companies involved in roles such as donors, collectors, and providers seem to be well synchronized. It explains why most interventions such as those in Afghanistan and the Iraqi were successful. Companies also offer technological support and staff who are tasked with ensuring efficiency. Thus, the technological advancements help the staff access remote and almost inaccessible areas (Lee, 2003). The United States, as opposed to Kenya, has also ensured that there

Analysis of Competition in the Technology Market

Analysis of Competition in the Technology Market EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dells competitive advantage is their direct customer sales and customer support; this has made the company one of the leading suppliers of computer systems. Dell has a better understanding of its customers computer needs through continuous online and telephone interaction. This constant interaction drives individual and enterprise productivity. Future growth rates for the computer industry are expected to be less than previous years however, Dell can still be profitable. One of the main problems that Dell faces is the struggling United States economy which Dell has no control over. This is compounded by a saturated PC market with lower profit margins from industry price wars. Dell must focus on being a market taker, instead of trying to be a market maker. Dell needs to capitalize on their ability to enter and dominate new markets, as it did in the low-end server and workstation markets. The company must pursue an international expansion of their middle and high-end server products. T hrough the acquisition of a company like EMC Corporation Dell can pursue the external data storage market. Dell has already captured a large share of the United States market and must increase its server, storage, and service segment overseas to gain more international market share, particularly in China and Latin America. The only viable strategy in order to achieve Michael Dells goal to double Dell Computers current revenue to $60 billion by 2007 is to work on methods to improve sales in the stated new areas. A combination of service, storage and server product growth across newly established international markets is vital to achieve Dells ambitious goal. The United States economy is in a recession, but there are numerous opportunities for growth outside its borders. INDUSTRY SNAPSHOT In the early 2000s, the electronic computer industry was struggling amidst a weak economic climate that presented challenges in business and consumer markets alike. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, after a sharp increase from $56.9 billion in 1998 to $64.7 billion in 1999, electronic computer shipment values fell in 2000 to $62.9 billion. As the economy took a turn for the worse, shipment values plunged to $55.8 billion in 2001. This affected virtually every product segment within the industry, including servers and workstations. Along with values, actual unit shipments also declined, falling from 27.2 million in 2000 to 22.7 million in 2001 (XXX). In the early 2000s there were numerous factors that slowed the purchase of new computers. On September 11, 2001 the terrorist attacks crippled consumer confidence. There was also a rise in the unemployment rates and the possibility of war with Iraq. All these factors made customers content with keeping their existing computers. These s ame conditions caused a slowdown of technology spending in the corporate world too. The wave of year 2000 related new equipment purchases that took place at the end of the 1990s, as well as the availability of quality used equipment from bankrupt Internet companies in the early 2000s, also had a negative impact on the corporate market for new electronic computers. Global competition among computer makers has favored, low-cost producers, and many of these are United States firms. The four largest United States computer makers, Dell, Compaq, Hewlett- Packard, and IBM controlled approximately 40 percent of world computer shipments. In late 2000, Dell proved itself as a potent competitor by taking the title of world market leader away from Compaq. In 2002 Hewlett-Packard had acquired Compaq, in an effort to challenge Dells position. In 2005 the industry reported 2,278 companies manufacturing electronic computers, employing 90,762 people who generated some $196,557.41 million in revenue. Average sales totaled $116.4 million per company. Electronic computers represented 59.7 percent of the market, while digital personal computers garnered 23.5 percent of the market (Electronic Computers, 2007). LEADING COMPANIES DELL Dell designs, develops, manufactures, markets, sells and supports information technology systems and services. The company sells its products directly to large corporate, government, healthcare, and education customers as well as small to medium businesses and individual consumers. Dell offers its products in six categories: desktop computer systems, mobility products, software and peripherals, servers and networking products and storage products. The desktop computer systems offer three product lines: Optiplex, Dimension and XPS. The company also offers Precision work stations (Galenet, 2008). The Optiplex product line is primarily for business, government, and institutional customers and the Dimension product line is for small businesses and home users. The XPS product line is for the gaming and entertainment needs of the customers. For the users that run sophisticated applications like three-dimensional computer-aided design, digital content creation, geographic information systems, computer animation, software development and financial analysis the company offers the Precision workstation. The mobility products division provides MP3 players, handhelds (Dell Axim) and three lines of notebooks (Dell XPS, Latitude and Inspiron). The XPS product line for  notebooks targets customers in the gaming or entertainment segment. The Latitude product line focuses on business, government, and institutional customers, while the Inspiron product line is targeted at small businesses. Dell is a leading player in the United States and worldwide for notebook computer shipments (Company Spotlight, 2008). The software and peripheral products of Dell includes printers and displays, software, notebook accessorie s, networking and wireless products, digital cameras, power adapters, scanners and other products. The company offers variety of third party software products such as operating systems, business and office applications, anti-virus and related security software and entertainment software. The companys power edge line of server focuses on enterprise customers and small organizations. Dell is the market leader in the United States in shipments of x86 servers. Computers and servers on small to medium networks can be connected using Dells PowerConnect switches. Dell doesnt just provide products, they also offer infrastructure consulting services, deployment services, asset recovery and recycling services, training services, enterprise support services, client support services and managed lifecycle services. Through Dell Financial Services (DFS) the company can provide United States businesses financing alternatives and asset management services. HEWLETT-PACKARD Hewlett-Packard (HP) offers a complete product portfolio spanning across personal computing, imaging and printing related products and services, and technology solutions. The company operates through seven business segments: enterprise storage and servers, HP services, software, the personal systems group, the imaging and printing group, HP Financial services and corporate investments. The enterprise storage and servers, HP services and software segment are aggregated under the technology solutions group. Hewlett-Packard is headquartered in Palo Alto, California and the company operates in over 170 countries around the world. The United States is the largest geographical market, 33.4 percent of the total revenue during 2007 (Smith, 2008). Enterprise storage and servers provide storage and server products to both small and medium sized businesses. Industry standard servers include entry-level and mid-range ProLiant servers, which operate primarily on the Windows, Linux and Novell operating systems, and Intel Corporation (Intel) and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) processors. The companys product lines span across pedestal-tower servers, density optimized rack servers and HPs BladeSystem family of blade servers. The technology solutions group includes enterprise storage and servers, HP services and HP software. Technology solutions group provide servers, storage, software and information technology services for enterprise and mid-market business customers to manage their current IT environments. Business critical systems include Itanium-based Integrity servers running on the HPUX, Windows, Linux and OpenVMS operating systems including the high-end Superdome servers  and fault-tolerant Integrity NonStop servers. Business critical systems also include the Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)-based servers with the HP 9000 line running on the HP-UX operating system, HP AlphaServers running on both Tru64 UNIX and Open Virtual Memory System, and MIPs-based NonStop servers. The company has planned to phase out its Alpha server product line in recent times (PCs Industry Profile, 2008). Hewlett-Packards services include technology services, consulting and integration, and outsourcing services. It serves industries such as communications, media and entertainment, manufacturing and distribution, financial services and the public sector, and government and education services. The technology services ranges from standalone product support to high availability services for multi-vendor environments and business continuity and recovery services. The consulting and integration segment provided consulting and integration services to implement technology and industry-specific solutions for customers. Outsourcing services provides IT management and outsourcing to support infrastructure, applications, business processes, end user workplace, print environment, and business continuity and recovery requirements. HP Software provides management software solutions including support, that allow enterprise customers to manage their IT infrastructure, operations, applications, IT services and business processes under the brand, HP OpenView. It also delivers comprehensive, carrier-grade software platforms for developing and deploying next generation voice, data and converged services to network and service providers under the HP OpenCall brand. Hewlett Packard acquired Mercury Interactive Corporation, Bristol Technologies, SPI Dynamics and Opsware in fiscal 2007, which added transaction monitoring, applications security testing and data center automation capabilities to its portfolio. Personal systems group (PSG) is one of the leading providers of personal computers (PCs) in the world based both on volume and annual revenue. Its product line includes commercial PCs, consumer PCs, workstations, handheld computing devices, digital entertainment systems, calculators and other related accessories, and software and services. Workstations are individual computing products designed for users demanding enhanced performance such as computer animation, engineering design and other programs requiring high-resolution graphics. HP provides workstations that run on UNIX, Windows and Linux-based operating systems. Hewlett-Packard is the leading imaging and printing systems provider in the world. The segments portfolio of offerings includes consumer and commercial printer hardware, printing supplies, printing media and scanning devices. The HP Financial services provide financial service to small and medium size businesses. It also offers leasing, financing, utility programs and asset recovery services, financial asset management services for large global and enterprise customers. This group provides innovative and customized services to counter technology obsolescence. ACER Acer functions in the manufacture and sale of IT products, and provision of computer software and maintenance services. The company operates in Taiwan, Europe, Asia, and North America. The company operates through a single business segment and sells Acer branded desktop personal computers (PCs), notebook PCs, and other related information technology (IT) products and services. Acers IT product range includes computer system (desktops, notebooks, handhelds, and tablets), servers and storage products, monitors (cathode ray tube and liquid crystal display), peripherals, projectors, internet appliances and personal multimedia, and digital still cameras (DSC). Acer provides a commercial and consumer series desktop. The commercial series desktops include Veriton and AcerPower brands and the consumer series include the Aspire brand. The company provides four series of notebooks: Aspire series, TravelMate series, Tablet PC series, and Ferrari series. The Tablet series is Acers latest high-mobility solution, which easily converts between notebook and slate modes. Acers servers and storage products are sold under the brand name Altos and Acer. Acers services are based on the MegaMicro business model, which is defined by the company as a mega infrastructure that supports micro services. The services offered include e-Enabling Services Business, enabling Information Platform Services, and Enterprise e-Caring Services. The companys e-Enabling offerings combine Acers IT products and services, and are delivered through the companys infrastructure. (Acer.com, 2008) APPLE Apple is one of the major providers of personal computers, portable digital music players, and mobile communication devices. Apple designs, manufactures, and markets personal computers and related software, services, peripherals, and networking solutions. The company also designs, develops, and markets a line of portable digital music players along with related accessories and services including the online distribution of third-party music, audio books, music videos, short films, and television shows. The company sells its products worldwide through online stores, retail stores, direct sales force, and third-party wholesalers and resellers. Acer is managed on a basis of geographic segments. The company operates through four operating segments: the Americas, Europe, Japan, and retail. The Americas segment includes both North and South America. The Europe segment includes European countries as well as the Middle East and Africa. Each reportable geographic operating segment provides the same kind of hardware and software products and services. The retail segment currently operates Apple-owned retail stores in the United States, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The company has 174 retail stores in the United States and 23 stores in Canada, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Apples Desktops product line includes iMac, eMac, Mac mini, Power Mac, Mac Pro, and Xserve. Portables include MacBook, iBook, MacBook Pro, and PowerBook. iPod products include iTunes Store and iPod services, and the companys own and third party iPod accessories. Other music related products and services include hardware accessories of the company and third parties, wireless connectivity and networking solutions. Software services comprise Apple  branded operating system and application software, third party software, AppleCare, and Internet services. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT The threat of new entrants into PC market is moderate, a compromise between high brand recognition in the market and strong market growth. The new web enabled mobile phones and games consoles fill the needs of some buyers as well as PCs making the threat of substitutes moderate. Rivalry within the market is moderate, as large competitors are faced with relatively high exit barriers, but still enjoying strong growth that leaves plenty of expansion room for all players. There is product differentiation within the market in terms of technical specification, styling, and support services offered, leading to decrease buyer power. However, there is little differentiation in the underlying architecture, with even Apple recently moving to the use of Intels x86 processors. This pushes the market towards commodification and strengthens buyer power. Buyer power can also be increased if more technology savvy people build their own computer. This requires special knowledge and is only a valid alt ernative to a small portion of the customer base. Buyer power overall remains moderate. Supplier power is low because PC manufactures do not incur a significant cost when switching suppliers. However, Intel has strong supplier power due to its brand recognition of its products and use in the vast majority of PCs on the markets. Microsoft also has strong supplier power as a result of their dominance in the operating systems market. The overall supplier power is strong. The threat of substitutes within the PC market is moderate, with much of the functionality of modern PCs being unavailable through alternative means. However, one of the largest threats to the consumer PC market lies within the sphere of gaming, especially with respect to the next generation games consoles, whose increased specifications are attracting gamers away from the PC format. Mobile phones and similar hand-held devices with email and web browser capability can also replace much of the communication role of PCs. The major PC manufacturers are relatively large companies. Some are strongly focused on the PC market (e.g. Lenovo), others have broadly diversified businesses (e.g. Sony), and so that on average the importance of the PC market to its players is moderate. COMPANY SWOT DELL Strengths Despite losing market share to Hewlett-Packard Company in the recent past, Dell continues to remain a strong player in the computer hardware segment. In the computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing industry in the United States, Dell was in the second place behind the Hewlett-Packard Company. In the computer and computer peripheral equipment and software wholesalers industry in the United States, Dell was in the first place with a market share of 6.5 percent. Dell is also one of the leading players in the global servers segment. The company has a strong market position in the storage segment owing to its partnership with EMC. The companys Asia Pacific-Japan segment has reported strong performance in recent three years. The revenue of this segment increased from $5,465 million in fiscal 2005 to $7,358 million in fiscal 2007, an increase of 34.6 percent over 2005. All product categories in this region experienced revenue growth during fiscal 2007 and fiscal 2006. The company has a wide product portfolio, comprising desktops, notebooks, servers, storage products, networking, printers, ink and toner, televisions, software and accessories. Dell has formed partnerships to strengthen its presence in areas where it is weak. A wide portfolio of products has helped the company provide bundled offerings to customers. Weaknesses Dell has weak internal controls. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) started an investigation into the accounting and financial reporting matters at Dell, in August 2005. In 2006 The company announced that its Audit Committees investigation had identified a number of accounting errors, evidence of misconduct, and deficiencies in the financial control environment. The company has had to recall several products in the recent past owing to quality issues. In August 2006, the company announced the recall of 4.1 million notebook batteries owing to fire risk. These Dell branded batteries were based on cells of Sony. The company also recalled several other products in previous years owing to quality problems, including AC Adapters and printers. Opportunities Dell has acquired new companies in 2007 and also plans to go in for acquisitions in the future. In July 2007, Dell entered into an agreement to acquire privately-held SilverBack Technologies, a service delivery platform provider for remote monitoring and management of information technology infrastructure such as servers, storage, networks, desktops and notebooks. In the following month, Dell entered into an agreement to acquire ZING Systems, a private consumer technology and services company that focuses on always-connected audio and entertainment devices. This acquisition enables Dell to use ZINGs capabilities to continue improving the entertainment experiences it provides its customers. In November 2007, the company has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire EqualLogic, (Dell.com, 2008) a provider of high-performance iSCSI storage area network (SAN) solutions optimized for virtualization. The  global Personal Computer (PC) market generated total revenues of $163.8 billion in 2006, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3 percent for the period spanning from 2002 to 2006. Desktop sales proved the most lucrative for the global PC market in 2006, generating total revenues of $123.1 billion, equivalent to 66.9 percent of the markets overall  value. In comparison, sales of Laptops generated revenues of $60.9 billion in 2006, accounting for 33.1 percent of the markets aggregate revenues. The company is entering into new retail agreements to enable consumers to have greater access to Dell products. In September 2007, the company partnered with Gome, Chinas largest consumer electronics retailer to reach millions of in-store computer buyers and to sell the companys latest products through it. In October 2007, Staples and Dell signed an agreement which allows customers to have the option to buy at 1,400 Staples stores for a wide collection of Dell notebook and desktop computers, monitors, printers, ink and toner (Dell.com, 2007). Threats The electronics manufacturing industry is struggling to compete with the black market, parallel import, and smuggled goods. Some countries like China represented an overwhelming 81 percent of the total value of seized goods in 2006. With an increase in the number of counterfeit products being manufactured in China, the company faces serious threats in most of its market segments. These products, although of poorer quality in most cases, are considerably cheaper and may affect the revenue of the company in the long run. Dells failure to comply with new environmental legislation could result in significant penalties and liabilities. Restriction of Hazardous Substances (ROHS) Directive, effective as of July 2006, imposes restrictions on the use of six hazardous materials. Although the company uses a number of third party manufacturers, it will continue to bear responsibility for compliance with the ROHS directive. The European Union has also enacted the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive which makes producers of electrical goods, including computers and printers, financially responsible for specified collection, recycling, treatment, and disposal of past and  future covered products. The United States and Eurozone are two important markets for Dell. The recent turmoil in financial markets, the very weak housing market indicators and consumer sentiments, the growth projection for the United States and the United Kingdome has slowed. Economic slowdown in the United States and Eurozone could lead to less IT spending, which in turn would adversely affect demand for the companys products. HEWLETT-PACKARD Strengths Hewlett-Packard has a strong market position in most of its product segments. The company has a leading market position in the global PC market in terms of shipments. Hewlett-Packard seized market leadership from Dell in the global PC market in 2006 and managed to sustain it in 2007 with 19 percent market share. The company is the second largest entity in the servers market behind International Business Machines (IBM), with its server range extending from low-end systems to high-end systems. In particular, the company is the market leader in x86 Blade and UNIX based servers. Hewlett-Packard has a leading market position in printers. Hewlett-Packard has reported strong financials in recent years. The company has reduced its long-term debt over the last few years from $6,494 million in 2003 to $4,997 million in 2007. Hewlett-Packards long-term debt ratio stood at 0.1 for the fiscal year ended October 2007. The strong financial position provides the company the flexibility of expanding its geographical coverage and product portfolio through organic and inorganic initiatives. Hewlett-Packard also has high brand equity. The company is one of the leading brands in the technology sector along with Microsoft, IBM and Intel. Hewlett-Packard markets several products such as personal computers, inkjet printers and digital cameras to consumers. A strong brand image plays a critical role in consumer markets. Weaknesses Hewlett-Packard has weak internal controls. The company is being investigated by a number of agencies for employing questionable methods to identify the board member, who was leaking  confidential information to the media (Los Angeles Times, 2006). The company is accused of using private agencies, which used illegal methods such as imitation to obtain the phone records of its board members and select journalists. Hewlett-Packard lacks in-house management consulting division. Instead the company has formed partnerships with the likes of Accenture and Capgemini to provide management consulting services to its customers. Increasing number of IT services companies are establishing management consulting divisions in order to provide a more comprehensive and integrated range of services. The research and development expenditure of Hewlett-Packard has remained flat in recent years. The company invested $3,643 million in research and development in each year of 2006 and 2007 compared with $3,492 million in 2005. Research and development as a percentage of revenues declined over the last three years from 4 percent in 2005 and 3.9 percent in 2006 to 3.5 percent in 2007 (HP.com, 2007). Opportunities Hewlett-Packard has undertaken an ambitious revamp of its IT operations, which it hopes will not only improve its effectiveness but also serve as a showcase for its technological capabilities. Hewlett-Packard has taken up five classes of IT initiatives: portfolio management, IT workforce effectiveness, world-class IT, enterprise data warehouse and global data centers. The portfolio management initiatives of the company include reducing active projects from 1,200 to 500 and reducing the number of applications. For improving IT workforce, the company is reducing its IT core sites from 100 to 29 among other initiatives. The company is focused on extending its leadership in imaging and printing. HP acquired Snapfish, online photo service, to dominate the sharing and printing of digital images over the internet. Hewlett-Packard is expanding Snapfish in Europe and Asia. Threats Hewlett-Packard faces intense competition in all its business segments in terms of price, quality,  brand, technology, reputation, distribution, range of products etc. The company faces stiff competition in the PC market. The company has become the market leader in the PC segment in the third and fourth quarter of 2006, sending Dell to the number two position. Acers acquisition of Gateways has made it the third largest PCs supplier in the world. In some regions, the company faces competition from local companies and from generically-branded or white box manufacturers. In the printer supplies segment, Hewlett-Packard competes with re-manufacturers including private label brand stores such as Office Max, supply stores such as Cartridge world, internet vendors and original equipment manufacturers such as Lexmark. The European markets and the United States economy are forecast to decline in coming years. The unemployment rate in the United Kingdom is also forecast to grow in 2008. Risi ng interest rates and increasing unemployment would negatively affect the consumer spending in the United Kingdom. ACER Strengths Acer has robust market position in the global PC and notebook markets. In 2008, the company was ranked as the third largest player in the global PC market with a market share of 12.8 percent. Acer was ranked the second largest in the global notebook market with a share of 19.6 percent. The company was ranked the third largest player in the United States PC market and notebook market. In September 2008, the company completed acquisition E-Ten Information Systems (Acer-group.com, 2008). The acquisition helped the company to strengthen its position in handheld devices, including smartphones and GPS devices. Acer also purchased Packard Bell in 2008. In 2007 the company purchased one of the largest PC companies in the United States, Gateway. The successful mergers of Gateway and Packard Bell helped the company to strengthen its presence in the United States and enabled deeper penetration into the European and Asian markets. These acquisitions helped the company in generating increasing re venues from non-Taiwan markets. Weaknesses Acer is significantly dependent on Europe for its revenues. In FY2008 and FY2007, the company generated around 51 percent of its total revenues from Europe. Europe is experiencing a slowdown in the recent periods. The United Kingdom economy is forecast to be weak in the coming years. The companys high dependence on Europe makes its operations vulnerable to fluctuations in Europe economy. Opportunities The smartphone market is expected to grow in the coming years. It is anticipated that the smartphone market will grow by 15 percent every year for the next three to five years. The value of the global smartphone market is also expected to be more than $95 billion, representing 47 percent of the total handset market value in 2013. Acer is well-positioned in this segment. The growing smartphone market will provides the company an opportunity to increase its revenues in the coming years. Despite the slowdown in the overall PC market, the netbooks/mini-notebooks sales are forecast to grow in near term. The netbook market experienced a robust growth in 2008 and is forecast to grow about 68.5 percent in shipments. Acer offers netbooks under its four brands: Acer, Gateway, Packard Bell and eMachines. Acer has upgraded its products in the recent times. In September 2008, Acer along with its partners introduced Acer-Hitachi SMS 100, a storage product designed for the needs of small and medium sized businesses. The product offers enterprise class features and does not require specific storage experience to be installed and can be connected to any server through an ethernet network. Acer also launched the Aspire M7200 desktop PC targeting multimedia home-users looking for a powerful multi-tasking system, with plenty of expansion and customization capabilities Threats Acer competes with several large branded as well as smaller branded and generic companies. The company faces severe competition from branded competitors such as Apple, Dell, and Hewlett-Packard. The note book segment has also attracted competition from nontraditional players. Intense competition in the PC segment may erode the companys margins and reduce its market share. Acer has been part of several patent law suits in the recent periods. In 2007, HP  filed a suit against Acer alleging that Acer and its United States subsidiary have knowingly infringed on five HP patents related to PCs. This has raised HPs recent patent claims against Acer to 10. However in 2008, Acer settled all ongoing patent litigations with HP. Acer operates in various countries worldwide, and is exposed to risk from changes in foreign currency rates. The company derived about 95.3 percent of sales from customers outside Taiwan in FY2008. The consolidated companies record transactions in their respective func tional currencies, which generally are the local currency of the primary economic environment in which these entities operate. APPLE Strengths Apple enjoys a high level of brand awareness and brand recognition for its products throughout the markets in which it operates. Apple leverages its brand image to differentiate its product offering and drive sales. The companys strong brand enables it t